~ 1830 and 1840: Age of revolution ↙ failed to achieve liberal aims

~ 1870s: Unification of Italy and Germany: Constitutional monarchy↙Not a genuine representative government; had little accountability to the people

Situations in the 20^th century& 21^st century:

-Democracy became a more prevalent idea after the Second World War

-After the collapse of communism in Soviet Union  --> another tide of democratization

-generally, countries support democratic government ↙ people have more say on the government policies

                                                    *   *   *
Reasons why the 21st century is better:

1.Liberty 

2.Democracy 

3.Minimum government 

4.Woman status 

5.Labor organizations

6.Education system

 1.Liberty

~ the only unfailing and permanent source of improvement is liberty

~ advancing liberty contributes much more to human happiness than any other possible competing policy might (utilitarianism)

~ freedom of press
↙ 21st century is the age of information↙ with globalization, the flow of information and thought are crossing boundaries.
↙ press is flourishing in the democratic countries like USA ..UK...they can be critical of the gov't policies

2. Democracy

~ promotes the ※highest and harmonious§ development of individual capacities

~ citizen participation promotes the goodness of government (more responsive)

~ the educated ones have more right to say   

~ offer civic education to the general public

~ parliamental system and presidential system ↙ the most fundamental democratic system for the democratic countries↙make governments responsive and accountable the people/voters

3.   Minimum government

~ minimum government is the best government

~ ※the thing to be done is likely to be better done by individual than by government§

~ ※the great evil of adding unnecessarily to government＊s power＊

~ free market, individual freedom are popular ideas in the 21^st century ↙ government tended to have little intervention over economic development and individual lives; Even China adopted a more decentralization policy over economy

4.  Emancipation of Women

~  more  women achieved  equal politics status as men

~ though in many countries...women still underrepresented in politics....but the suitation is better than 19 th century

~   e.g. Aung San Suu Kyi  (偕刓匼憫) 
            Ng Yi ()

W迆 Y赤 (挔痀) (born November 1938 in Wuhan, China) is one of four vice-premiers of the State Council of the People's Republic of China. She was named the second most powerful woman in the world by Forbes magazine for both 2004 and 2005, behind only U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Yi)

5. Development of Labour Organizations

~ in the past ↙ labour organizations were always outlawed..as the authoritarian government thought that they were forces of instability

~ nowadays ↙ labour organizations are so flourishing ↙ reflection of a more democratic system.. e.g. freedom of assembly

~ the govt  are willing to have meetings with the org, to draft, make up and enforce some labour ordinance ↙Govt WORKS FOR people but not EXPLOIT or IGNORE

6. Education systems

~ in the 21^st century, generally, the educational level has risen so more people are qualified to vote and express their views on the government

~  would protect against class legislation and that anyone who was educated, including poor people, would have more votes.